INTRODUCTION:

Wound healing, or cicatrisation, is an intricate process in which the skin (or another organ-tissue) repairs itself after injury. In normal skin, the epidermis (outermost layer) and dermis (inner or deeper layer) exists in a steady-state equilibrium, forming a defensive blockade against the external atmosphere. Many ethnomedicinal plants are used in the treartment of wounds in dissimilar appearance.^[1] The Ayurveda is an primeval traditional system of medicine with remedies for health and alleviation of illness^[2] and in Ayurveda about 2,000 plant species are considered to contain medicinal value, at the same time as the Chinese Pharmacopoeia lists over 5,700 traditional medicines, most of which are of plant origin.^[3] About 400 plants are used in habitual production of Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha and Tribal medicines.^[4] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 80% of the world’s population primarily those of embryonic countries rely on plant-derived medicines for their health care.^[5],[6],[7]

Ethnopharmacological surveys provide the rationale for selection and scientific investigation of medicinal plants ^[8]hence the term Ethnopharmacology is in this day and age much more broadly distinct as “the disambiguation and experimental discovery of the ingredients and the effects of the ingredients and the effects of such indigenous drugs is a truly interdisciplinary field of research which is very important in the study of traditional medicine”.^[9],[10]

Pathology of wound healing:

Wounds are physical injuries that result in an opening or breakdown of the skin and it can be healed by the three main stages are inflammation, repair (which may be further subdivided into proliferation and organization) and maturation (regeneration) ^{[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16]}which is shown in [Figure 1].

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Study area:

The study was conducted during 2010-11, to collect information of medicinal plants which are used for wound healing by ‘Nimari’ people in the Khargone district of Madhya Pradesh. Nimar is the southwestern region of Madhya Pradesh state in west-central India. There are 4 district in Nimar region namely West Nimar (Khargone), East Nimar (Khandwa), Burhanpur, and Barwani. It lies on 21º35’-22º76’N Latitude and 74º25’-76º14’E Longitudes. Topographically study area is situated centrally in Northern part covered with Vindhyan Scabs and in Southern part with Satpura hill ranges. The region lies south of the Vindhya Range, and consists of two portions of the Narmada and Tapti river valleys, separated by a section of the Satpura Range, about 15 miles (24 km) in breadth.

Data collection:

The information on wound healing plants was collected through general conversations with old Nimari people and questionnaires were used to gather their knowledge. Details of medicinal plants used, mode of treatment, methods of preparation and types of administration was documented by interacting with them as well as through direct observations. The information was compared with reported literatures and the collected plants were identified by the local people with their local name, photograph and herbarium.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Results of the present investigation are presented in [Table 1] where the plant species ware arranged by their botanical name with family and part used for wound healing. ^[17]-[23] A total of 52 plant species belonging to 39 families have been documented for their ethnopharmacological application against wounds and related injuries such as cuts, burns and boils. Some of the plant species which show quick response to cure skin ailments included: Tridex procumbens, Hyptis suaveolens, and Butea monosperma. Photograph and Herbarium of these plants are given in [Figure 2-8]. The leaves were found to be the most frequently used plant parts but besides these whole plant parts, fruits, latex, root, bark, juice, flowers and others such as inner fresh part of the stem, latex obtained from the stem, peels, stem bark, rhizomes and seeds are also used for treating wounds.

For the treatment of wounds and other skin diseases, latex and juice of stems are applied directly into the infected area. Sometimes leaves, fruit and seeds are crushed and applied as a paste and decoction in the combination of water, honey or coconut oil and powder made from fresh or dried material. The majority of the remedies reported in the present study for wound healing were applied externally with some other plant extract.

Table 1: Information on central Indian plants used in treatment of wounds by nimari communities

Plant species with family

Plant part used for wound healing

Argemone maxicana L(Papaveraceae)

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)

Brassica juncea Czern. & Coss. (Brassicaceae)

Thespesia populnea L. (Malvaceae)

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fabaceae)

Cassia auriculata L. (Caesalpiniaceae)

Nerium indicum Mill. (Apocynaceae)

Tridex procumbens L. (Asteraceae)

Calotropis procera L. (Asclepiadaceae)

Calotropis gigantean L. (Asclepiadaceae)

Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae)

Ficus benghalensis L. (Moraceae)

Euphorbia hirta Lin (Euphorbiaceae)

Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (Solanaceae)

Hyptis suaveolens L. (Lamiaceae)

Punica granatum (Punicaceae)

Lantana canara L. Moldenke (Verbenaceae)

Oxalis corniculata Linn. (Oxalidaceae)

Aegle marmelos L. Corr. (Rutaceae)

Allmanda cathartica (apocynaceae)

Euphorbia antiquorum L.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae)

Morus alba L.

(Moraceae)

Opuntia dillenii

(Cactaceae)

Agave cantala Roxb. (Agavaceae)

Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae)

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Fabaceae)

Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers (Menispermaceae)

Tagetes patula L. (Asteraceae)

Zizyphus oenoplias (L.) Miller (Rhamnaceae)

Aloe barbadensis Mill. (Liliaceae)

Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae)

Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Labiatae)

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae)

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae)

Pedilanthus tithymaloides Poir. (Euphorbiaceae)

Epipremnum pinnatum (Araceae)

Datura stramonium L.(Solanaceae)

Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae)

Gossypium arboretum (Bombacaceae)

Musa sapientum Linn. (Musaceae)

Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae)

Bryophyllum calycinum (Crassulaceae)

Dodonaea viscose (Sapindaceae)

Daucas carota L.(Apiaceae)

Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae)

Tactona grandis (Verbenaceae)

Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae)

Chenopodium album (Chenopodiaceae)

Euphorbia neriifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Azadirechta indica A. (Meliaceae)

Leaves zused as topically on wound.^[24]

Leaves paste was applied on the wound.^[25]

Crushed fruit mix in the water and then paste was applied on the wound.^[26]

Fruit of this plant in crush used as wound healing.^[27]

Crushed seeds applied on the wound.^[28]

Leaves and Bark independently usually applied on the wound.^[26]

Juice of the leaves was applied on the wound.^[26]

Mostly leaves of this plant applied on the wound.^[29],[30]

Latex and leaves mixed with turmeric, honey and karanji was applied as a paste on the wound.^[1],[26]

Few drops of the stem latex are used to treat wounds created by thorns in heels and to remove the thorns from heel.^[31],[32]

Latex of the plant applied on the wound.^[26]

Aqueous extract of bark applied topically on wound.^[26]

Leaf powder is mixed with coconut oil and applied topically on affected places to treat wounds.^[33]

Whole plant and fresh latex is applied topically on affected places to heal wounds. ^{[34],[35],[36]}

Methanolic fruit extract posses wound healing activity.^[37]

Petroleum ether extracts of leaves showed significant wound healing activity.^{[12],[38],[39]}

Methanolic extract of peels heal wounds.^{[12],[40],[41]}

Leaves are used for the treatment of skin itches, antiseptic for wounds.^{[29],[39],[42],[43],[44]}

Alcohol and petroleum ether extracts of whole plant having wound healing property .^[4537]

Methanolic extract of plant showed wound healing property.^{[43, 46]}

Aqueous leaf extract showed wound healing activity.^[47]

Latex obtained from the stem is applied on spots with burn injury. The stem is heated on fire and the juice thus obtained is topically applied on affected places to heal wounds.^{[7,
48],}

Stem bark of this plant, stem barks of Syzygium cumini and Punica granatum are boiled in water and the decoction thus obtained is used to wash wounds twice or thrice a day to heal soon.^[49,50,51]

Leaf of this plant is mixed with the leaves of Eupatorium odoratum, Euphorbia hirta and Ficus benghalensis. This mixture is ground into a paste and applied on affected places to heal wounds.^[48,52]

Inner fleshy part of stem is mixed with the leaf of Aloe vera and sugar. The mixture is ground into a paste and applied on affected places to heal wounds.^[48,53]

Leaf extract is used in cuts, wounds and burns.^[1],[35]

Leaf extract is used in cuts, wounds.^{[43],[54],[55]}

Alcoholic bark extract used in excision wound.^{[1],[56],[57]}

Leaf and root extract is used in cuts, wounds.^[58],[59]

Leaf extract is used in cuts, wounds.^[60],[61]

Root and bark extract is used in cuts, wounds. ^{[1],[62],[63]}

Gel is used in burns and to heal wounds.^{[39],[57],[64],[69]}

Aqueous extract of leave is have healing property.^[43],[70]

Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves are used to heal the wound.^{[1],[43],[57],[71],[72]}

Ethanolic extract of the flower increased wound contraction and topical management of wound Healing.^{[39],[73],[74]}

Ethanolic extract of the flowers exhibited an 86% reduction in the wound area.^[75]

Latex is used for application on the wound traditionally.^[76]

Inner sap of plant is applied directll to heal wounds .^[77]

Latex of the leaves is mixed with menthe and dagadipala for application on the wound.^[6],[64]

Methanolic extract of the leaves is reported to heal infected wounds.^[78]

Aqueous extract of the leaves showed wound healing activity.^[79]

Aqueous and methanolic extract of the fruit showed wound healing due to its antioxidant effect.^{[6],[39],[57]}

Leaves and fruits are used by tribals to heal wounds.^[80]

Leaf juice is applied on the wound.^[43]

Ethanolic extract of dried leaves showed potent wound healing activity.^{[6],[57],[64],[81]}

Root juice is mixed with honey applied on wound.^[26],[80]

Fresh wounds are treated by wrapping the leaves which contain essential oils and tannins.^[77]

Leaf extract having wound healing activity.^[39],[82]

Bark is used by the tribal for healing wounds.^[7],[83]

Crushed leaves are applied to wounds locally.^[43],[84]

Latex of the plant applied on affected places.^{[85],[ 86],[ 87]}

All part and oil are used to heal wounds.^{[43], [84], [88],[89],[90]}

CONCLUTION:

The study ascertains the value of a great number of plants used by nimari communities especially used on wounds to heal which could be of considerable interest in the development of new drugs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

Nimari villagers and GRY Institute of Pharmacy, Borawan are thankfully acknowledged.

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Received on 19.12.2013 Modified on 15.01.2014

Res. J. Pharmacology & P’dynamics. 6(1): Jan.-Mar. 2014; Page 21-29